Physics Wallah also caters to over 3.5 million registered students and over 78 lakh+ Youtube subscribers with 4.8 rating on its app. We also provide extensive NCERT solutions, sample papers, NEET, JEE Mains, BITSAT previous year papers, which makes us a one-stop solution for all resources. Physics Wallah is India's top online ed-tech platform that provides affordable and comprehensive learning experience to students of classes 6 to 12 and those preparing for JEE and NEET exams. Male frog has vocal sacs which act as resonating chambers. It has a pair of muscle strands vocal cords which actually produce sound. It is supported by one cricoid, two arytenoids and two prearytenoids. Sound producing organ of frog is laryngo-tracheal chamber. It is followed by raising of the buccal floor by pterohyal muscles which reduces the volume and the air is pushed into the lungs where exchange of gases takes place.īuccal floor is again lowered enlarging its volume which draws air into the buccal cavity.Įxternal nares are opened followed by raising the buccal floor, pushing the air out through external nares. With the depression of buccal floor, air enters buccal cavity through the nares.Įxternal nares are then closed by pushing tuberculum prelinguale and the movable premaxillae. Pterohyals are attached in between hyoid and pro-optics of the skull and on contraction lifts the floor of buccal cavity. Sternohyal muscles are attached with hyoid and coracoid, clavicles of the pectoral girdle and on contraction depresses the buccal floor enlarging the buccopharyngeal cavity. These movements are carried out by set of paired muscles – sternohyal and pterohyal muscles. Respiratory movements in pulmonary respiration are because of buccopharyngeal cavity which acts as a force pump. Lungs are a pair of thin walled, translucent with inner surface divided into alveoli by septa. Lungs in frog are not efficient respiratory organs because only mixed blood enters into them and mainly function as hydrostatic organs. The mucus membrane of the buccal cavity is moist which dissolves oxygen and diffuses it into the blood capillaries. It occurs only when frog is out of water (0.9% of total respiration). During hibernation and aestivation, frog respires only through this method.īuccopharyngeal respiration occurs through the lining of buccal cavity. Three types of respiration : cutaneous, buccopharyngeal and pulmonary.Ĭutaneous respiration (35% of respiration) is through the body surface. Amino acids and glucose are directly absorbed into blood while fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into blood through lacteals present in villi. Villi increase the surface area of absorption. Intestinal glands are numerous, single-celled glands in the mucosa of the ileum and secrete intestinal juice or succus entericus.ĭigested food is absorbed through the wall of ileum. Pancreatic juice contains trypsinogen (for protein digestion), amylopsin (for carbohydrate digestion) and lipase (lipid digestion). Pancreas is flat, lobed, yellowish gland located in the mesentery between stomach and the duodenum. Gall bladder is present between right and left liver lobes and acts as a reservoir for storage of bile.īile juice has bile salts (sodium glycocholate/sodium taurocholate) and bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin). Left lobe is largest and is further divided into secondary lobes. Liver is the largest gland, compact, brownish and three-lobed. Liver (Bile juice), pancreas and intestinal glands are associated with the intestine. Intestine opens into rectum which opens into cloaca through anus. There is no division of small and large intestine. Partially digested acidic chyme enters duodenum followed by ileum. Mucin prevents the stomach wall from the action of pepsin. Gastric juice has pepsin (activated by HCl) to digest proteins into proteoses and peptones. Stomach is divisible into cardiac and pyloric parts. Anterior end of tongue is attached, posterior end is free. Buccal cavity opens into short pharynx and oesophagus. Salivary glands are absent in frog.įorked tongue is attached to the tip of lower jaw. Mouth is wide slit-like upper jaw bears maxillary and vomerine (Acrodont) teeth to prevent escape of prey. Swallowing is aided by mucus secreted in the buccal cavity for lubrication. It captures its food alive and then swallows. The frog feeds up on small insects, worms, slugs, snails etc.
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